Substrate Materials and Characterisation Methods for Sub-6GHz 5G Antennas: A Comprehensive Review
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Abstract
The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks in the sub-6 GHz frequency range has increased the importance of substrate materials in determining antenna performance. Unlike millimeter-wave systems, sub-6 GHz antennas face challenges such as larger physical size, mutual coupling in compact arrays, and material dispersion over wide bandwidths. This review focuses on substrate selection criteria, optimization strategies, and characterization techniques for sub-6 GHz 5G antenna applications. Various substrate materials, including conventional laminates, flexible polymers, and emerging materials, are compared in terms of dielectric properties, loss characteristics, cost, and ease of fabrication. Optimization techniques such as dielectric constant tuning, substrate thickness adjustment, and structural modifications are discussed to enhance bandwidth and efficiency. In addition, commonly used characterization methods are outlined for accurate evaluation of material properties at sub-6 GHz frequencies. Optimized substrate designs demonstrate improved bandwidth and high radiation efficiency across major 5G bands. Future research directions include the development of sustainable materials, advanced fabrication methods such as 3D printing, and artificial intelligence-driven material optimization for next-generation wireless systems
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