A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON LORA TECHNOLOGY: ARCHITECTURE, PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS
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Abstract
: This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of LoRa (Long Range) communication technology, focusing on its architecture, protocols, and diverse applications in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. LoRa enables long-range, low-power communication, making it highly suitable for large-scale and resource-constrained environments such as smart cities, agriculture, healthcare, and industrial domains. The study examines key technical aspects including network design, modulation techniques, and performance parameters such as spreading factor, energy efficiency, and scalability. It further explores recent advancements such as mesh networking, AI-driven optimization, signal reconstruction methods, and satellite-based LoRa communication, highlighting emerging research trends. Additionally, major challenges including packet collisions, limited data rates, interference, and scalability issues are identified and discussed. Overall, the paper provides a clear understanding of current developments and future directions, emphasizing the significant potential of LoRa technology in enabling reliable, energy-efficient, and scalable next-generation IoT communication systems
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